Untransferrable NFT (from 부테린 블로그)
World of Warcraft 게임에서,,
-> A soulbound item, once picked up, cannot be transferred or sold to another player.
Most very powerful items in the game are soulbound, and typically require completing a complicated quest or killing a very powerful monster. Hence, in order to get your character anywhere close to having the best weapons and armor, you have no choice but to participate in killing some of these extremely difficult monsters yourself.
The purpose of the mechanic is fairly clear: it keeps the game challenging and interesting.
Of course, the system is very imperfect: you could just pay a team of professionals to kill the dragon with you and let you collect the loot, or even outright buy a character on a secondary market, and do this all with out-of-game US dollars so you don't even have to kill boars. But even still, it makes for a much better game than every item always having a price.
What if NFTs could be soulbound?
what exactly are these NFTs signaling? Certainly, one part of the answer is some kind of skill in acquiring NFTs and knowing which NFTs to acquire. But because NFTs are tradeable items, another big part of the answer inevitably becomes that NFTs are about signaling wealth.
what if we want to create NFTs that are not just about who has the most money, and that actually try to signal something else?
Perhaps the best example of a project trying to do this is POAP, the "proof of attendance protocol". POAP is a standard by which projects can send NFTs that represent the idea that the recipient personally participated in some event. POAP is an excellent example of an NFT that works better if it could be soulbound.
Proposals to put certificates (eg. driver's licenses, university degrees, proof of age) on-chain face a similar problem: they would be much less valuable if someone who doesn't meet the condition themselves could just go buy one from someone who does.
What if governance rights could be soulbound?
there are very bad things that can easily happen to governance mechanisms if governance power is easily transferable.
This is true for two primary types of reasons:
- If the goal is for governance power to be widely distributed, then transferability is counterproductive as concentrated interests are more likely to buy the governance rights up from everyone else.
- If the goal is for governance power to go to the competent, then transferability is counterproductive because nothing stops the governance rights from being bought up by the determined but incompetent.
transferability makes governance power flow away from the meek who are most likely to provide valuable input to governance and toward the power-hungry who are most likely to cause problems.
Implementing non-transferability in practice
Adidas recently released a POAP for free to their fans that could give users priority access at a merchandise sale. What happened? Well, of course, many of the POAPs were quickly transferred to the highest bidder.
To solve this problem, the POAP team is suggesting that developers who care about non-transferability implement checks on their own: they could check on-chain if the current owner is the same address as the original owner, and they could add more sophisticated checks over time if deemed necessary. This is, for now, a more future-proof approach.
Perhaps the one NFT that is the most robustly non-transferable today is the proof-of-humanity attestation. Theoretically, anyone can create a proof-of-humanity profile with a smart contract account that has transferable ownership, and then sell that account. But the proof-of-humanity protocol has a revocation feature that allows the original owner to make a video asking for a profile to be removed, and a Kleros court decides whether or not the video was from the same person as the original creator. Once the profile is successfully removed, they can re-apply to make a new profile. Hence, if you buy someone else's proof-of-humanity profile, your possession can be very quickly taken away from you, making transfers of ownership non-viable. Proof-of-humanity profiles are de-facto soulbound, and infrastructure built on top of them could allow for on-chain items in general to be soulbound to particular humans.
==> 와 이 방식 진짜 기발하다,, 물론 모든게 다 on chain 은 아니고 중간에 Kleros court 가 개입하긴 하지만... 그러고보니 요 court개념은 뭐지? 코드상으로 뭔가 작동해서 검증하는게 아니라, 그 기관 사람들이 직접 눈으로 비디오를 보고 동일인물인가 아닌가 판단한다는곤가? 이건 추가 확인이 필요할듯.
Can we limit transferability without going all the way and basing everything on proof of humanity? It becomes harder, but there are medium-strength approaches that are probably good enough for some use cases.
-> Making an NFT bound to an ENS name is one simple option, if we assume that users care enough about their ENS names that they are not willing to transfer them.
tradeoffs between security and convenience...
Non-transferability and privacy
how can we add privacy for soulbound items where you cannot just move them into a fresh account or even a smart contract? If proof of humanity starts getting more adoption, privacy becomes even more important, as the alternative is all of our activity being mapped on-chain directly to a human face.
Privacy is an important part of making this kind of ecosystem work well. In some cases, the underlying thing that the item is representing is already public, and so there is no point in trying to add privacy. But in many other cases, users would not want to reveal everything that they have.
From here to there
A common criticism of the "web3" space as it exists today is how money-oriented everything is.
-> 이건 나도 많이 느꼈던 사안,,,
People celebrate the ownership, and outright waste, of large amounts of wealth, and this limits the appeal and the long-term sustainability of the culture that emerges around these items.
-> ㅇㅇ 너무 공감하는 바입니다
a lot of underexplored opportunity in trying to go beyond financialization.
Making more items in the crypto space "soulbound" can be one path toward an alternative, where NFTs can represent much more of who you are and not just what you can afford.
-> 오바마 연설문보다 더 찰떡같이 와닿네,,
but challenges remain in making this easy-to-use, private and secure. We need more effort on thinking through and solving these challenges. If we can, this opens a much wider door to blockchains being at the center of ecosystems that are collaborative and fun, and not just about money.
와,, 부테린 진짜 똑똑하다,,
진짜 똑똑한데 영어로 쓴 글도 술술 읽히는 것으로 보아.... 아무것도 모르는 나도 이해될 정도로 글도 잘써.. ㅠ.ㅠ
,,,홀린듯이 읽음 ㅠ,ㅠ 블록체인 업계가 왜 다 덕후천지인지 알것도 같은,,
출처 : 부테린 블로그 글 (일부발췌)
Soulbound
Soulbound 2022 Jan 26 See all posts Soulbound One feature of World of Warcraft that is second nature to its players, but goes mostly undiscussed outside of gaming circles, is the concept of soulbound items. A soulbound item, once picked up, cannot be trans
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